The Justification of Intellectual Property Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1554 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Most of the recent theoretical writing, justifying intellectual property rights consists of struggles among and within four approaches. These theories are commonly referred as labor, utilitarian, personality and social planning theory. The labor theory that currently dominate the theoretical literature springs from the propositions that a person who labors upon resources that are either unowned or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“held in commonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  has a natural property right to the fruits of his efforts and that the state has a duty to respect and enforce that natural right. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Justification of Intellectual Property Rights" essay for you Create order These ideas, originating in the writings of John Locke, are widely thought to be especially applicable to the field of intellectual property, where the pertinent raw materials (facts and concepts) do seem in some sense to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“held in commonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and where labor seems to contribute so importantly to the value of finished products.[1] The intuition is that the person who clears unowned land, cultivates crops, builds a house, or creates a new invention obtains property rights by engaging in these activities. The labor justification is mostly held in Europe and is included in the Berne Convention. In France it is specifically encoded in the so called droits moraux, or moral rights, that French authors have in addition to economic rights. The moral rights involve things such as the right to decide whether something is to be published, the right to withdraw it from the market, and the right of attribution. They cannot be sold by the author, and are perpetual. Th e interests that the labor justification centers on mostly are those of authors and publishers. This theory grounded on two basic propositions. According to the first proposition, the preservation of mankind is a fundamental law ofnature; it is Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will. From this, it is infers that man has a natural obligation to ensure his preservation[2]. This implies that man has a natural right to his preservation and to the means necessary for his preservation (e.g., meat and drink).[3] The second proposition is that God gave the earth à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to mankind in common.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] However, for man to enjoy the fruits of the earth, for those fruits to be at all beneficial to any particular man, there must to be a wayto appropriatethese fruits so that others can no longer claim them.[5] Locke the devotee of this philosophy, asserts that everyone has a property right over his own person and hence also over the labor of his body and the work of his hands.[6 ] This brings him to his famous explanation of the origin of property rights: the appropriation of a thing occurs by man applying his laborto it, by mixingthe thing with his labor. By means of his labor he adds something of his own to the thing and this way he excludes others from having a right to it. For such acquisition of property, the consent of the other à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“commonersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is not required, Locke maintains.[7] Appropriation can never amount to robbery of others because everyone has the right to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“his shareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and no more than that. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“His shareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  corresponds with what he can use. The consent of others could only be required if the rights or liberties of others are being violated and this cannot be the case if no one appropriates more than à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“his share.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [8] However, Locke specifies two provisos that must be met in order for the appropriation to be justifiable. The first condition is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enough and as goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  condition: there must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enough, and as good left in common for others.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] Thus, things may only be appropriated if, afterwards, a sufficient number of the same or similar things remain (similar also in terms ofquality the remainder must be just as good). The second condition is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-wasteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ condition. Man is not allowed to appropriate more than he can use (even if he made the things in question himself).[10] Alternative interpretation of Lockes labor justification can be called the labor-desert or value-added theory. This position holds that when labor produces something of value to others, something beyond what morality requires the laborer to produce then the laborer deserves some benefit for it.[11] This understanding of property does not require an analysis of the idea of labor. Labor is not necessarily a process that produces value to others . It is counterintuitive to say labor exists only when others value the thing produced. It also would be counter to Lockes example of the individual laboring and appropriating goods for himself alone. The labor-desert theory asserts that labor often creates social value, and it is this production of social value that deserves reward, not the labor that produced it. On the other hand the problem with labor theory is: if one accepts that mixing labor with something occasions the coming into existence of a property right, the question remains as to the boundaries of that property right. How can one decide what exactly has become the property of the person who performed the labor? This question can also be put in terms ofthe valueof the result. A distinction should be made between the value attributed to the object of the labor and the value attributed to the labor itself (in other words, the addedvalue). Determining the proportionality of each of these values in respect of the total value of the object to which labor has been applied would seem to be very difficult.This weakens the justificatory strength of the labor theory of property. Another problem is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"intellectual objectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ usually stem from ideas of predecessors. The labor of these predecessors also forms a component in the total value of the final result a component whose valuevaries case by case. This has important implications for the question who is entitled to the value of the final result. As Edwin Hettinger explains: A person who relies on human intellectual history and makes a small modification to produce something of great value should no more receive what the market will bear than should the last person needed to lift a car receive full credit for lifting it. If laboring gives the laborer the right to receive the market value of the resulting product, this market value should be shared by all those whose ideas contributed to the origin of the product . The fact that most of these contributors are no longer present to receive their fair share is not a reason to give the entire market value to the last contributor.[12] The question also arises as to whether Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two provisos apply in the context of intellectual, abstract, intangible objects (as opposed to tangible objects). As for the second proviso, man may only appropriate as much property as he can use, the question arises, e.g., whether waste can occur in the case of ideas. It seems unlikely that an idea as such could be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wasted,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ but the possibilities offered by an idea can be. If someone acquires an intellectual property right on an idea and does nothing with it, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-wasteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ provision would seem to be violated. If something is left unused by the appropriator, while others need it, the waste is all the greater. For example, taking into consideration the patent system (intellectual prop erty right). One aspect of this system that can certainly induce waste is that, in its present form, it does not oblige patent holders to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (exploit) their invention. The history of the patent system shows that this has not always been the case in industrialized countries, and in most developing countries, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"working requirementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for patented inventions has existed until recently (or continues to exist).Even if a patent is exploited, waste can occur. For the result of granting a patent is that the patentee can put restrictions on the use of the invention. Since a characteristic feature of the objects of intellectual property rights is their so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-exclusiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ nature (the fact that they can be used by many people simultaneously), limiting their use artificially can indeed amount to waste. The extent of the waste would seem to depend on the extent to which others need the invent ion in question. In short, one can justify propertizing ideas under Lockes approach with three propositions: first, that the production of ideas requires a persons labor; second, that these ideas are appropriated from a common which is not significantly devalued by the ideas removal; and third, that ideas can be made property without breaching the non-waste condition. Many people implicitly accept these propositions. Indeed, the Lockean explanation of intellectual property has immediate, intuitive appeal: it seems as though people do work to produce ideas and that the value of these ideas especially since there is no physical component depends solely upon the individuals mental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“work. Bibliography. Becker, The Moral Basis of Property Rights Hughes J, The Philosophy of Intellectual Property (Georgetown Law Journal 1988) Guardian. Available [Online] at: https://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/iptheory.html#_ftn5 [Accessed: 1/11/2014]. Hettinger C, Jus tifying Intellectual Property Locke, II, V, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31,36,37,38, 46 [1] , Justin Hughes, The Philosophy of Intellectual Property, Georgetown Law Journal, 77 (1988): 287, at 299-330 [2] Locke, II, V, 25. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid. [5] Locke, II, V, 26 [6] Locke, II, V, 27 [7] Locke, II, V, 28. [8] Locke, II, V, 36 and II, V, 46 [9] Locke, II, V, 27 [10] Locke, II, V, 31. See also Locke, II, V, 37 and II, V, 38 [11] Becker, The Moral Basis of Property Rights, IN PROPERTY, NOMOS XXII, supra note 4, at 187, 193. [12] Erwin C. Hettinger, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Justifying Intellectual Property,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Philosophy Public Affairs 18 (1989)1: 38.

The Wave Of The Civil War Essay - 1322 Words

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Feasibility Analysis Free Essays

Liability insurance, and especially mall-practice insurance, would be essential to my business. * Neurology is a continuously expanding profession and this trend will most likely continue upward for some time. * Neurological disorders tend to affect the elderly most frequently. We will write a custom essay sample on Feasibility Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Taking this into consideration (along with the retirement of the baby-boomer generation) the demographics of my customers will most likely consist of elderly patients. The Industry Market * The healthcare industry will almost definitely continue to expand nation-wide. * My market practice is nearly unlimited. I can increase the size of my business by taking on partners, associates, etc. * There would not be much competition to begin with, and If were to be the best, then there would be close to none. * My customer pool would consist of anyone with a neurological disorder. Again, this mostly consists of the elderly. * My potential market penetration is high considering that many communities have a shortage of neurologists. Financial Projections * My pricing would mainly be driven by insurance companies. The likelihood of making a profit is very high considering that most neurologists make between a year. * I am unable to come up with a sales revenue forecast at tans time Owe to tense projections Dealing Tar In ten Utter; out one would need to owe created projecting from the time of startup, to three years down the road. A attention cost forecast, would depend on the cost of labor, fixed costs, malpractice insurance, other variable costs, etc. A specific number is unattainable at this time. * The gross profit of the average neurologist is roughly 15%; the net profit is typically about 7 h So the gross-net profit margin is about half. * The fixed operating expenses would consist of property tax, utilities, equipment, etc. The variable costs would be limi ted, most likely consisting of hiring additional staff upon expansion. * Taxes would most likely be high, but so would profits. Hence my income would be gig regardless of taxes. Future Action Plan * The start-up capital needed typically runs around $500,000. * The sources of my start-up capital would most likely consist of loans (from the bank and from my father. ) * A strategic plan must be written specifying any steps that are to be taken but, again, cannot be written at this early a stage. * A business plan must also be written, detailing my practice head-to-toe. This will also be written at a later stage. * On a side note, a business consultant is most likely necessary to insure the success and continued success of my practice. How to cite Feasibility Analysis, Papers

The Benefits of Reading free essay sample

Any good writer knows about the impact that reading can have on his/her work, as well as that in order to be able to fully understand and digest a piece of literature, one should follow the basic guidelines of active reading, the type of reading where a reader subjects a writing to a critical analyze by using different types of reading techniques (Stubbs, Barnet, and Cain, 2). However, every reader, just like every writer, has his/her own style of reading that is composed of or is guided by a combination of different standard techniques set by active reading. Navigated by the guidelines of active reading, a reader can experience a book as a whole, without missing any important parts or ideas, while at the same time have an opportunity to establish a writer’s persona and subject his/her work to critical thinking. In order to explore further on the different reading styles I had an opportunity to interview a classmate, Valeriya Pupchenko, and compare her approach to reading with mine. We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Reading or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was clear from the beginning that we enjoy similar types of literature for our leisure reading, however our tactic of picking a book and the pre reading actions have their differences. In order to pick an appropriate book for her purposes Valeriya prefers to rely on the title of the book and the authors note (Pupchenko, Valeriya). The title may provide a clue by using different methods presenting a book (Stubbs, Barnet, and Cain, 3). A title can have the ability to attract a reader with intriguing or appealing sound, or it can simply attract a reader by presenting the contents of the book in just a few words. Although a title does not always gets to the point of the book, a reader can often rely on the title of a book to get a sense of what he/she is getting. Another method of getting to know more about a piece of literature is by reading the author’s note which often summarizes the context of the book. the author’s note also usually has the information about the writer and the book’s origins and its purpose. From the author’s note a reader can establish the writer’s persona and the style of writing. Author’s note is one of Valeriya’s techniques of reading a book and even though she sometimes finds that it gives away the plot of the story, she thinks that this is a helpful way of looking up a book (Pupchenko, Valeriya). I, on the other hand find the author’s note too vague to determine whether or not the book has the desired topic. I have also noticed that compared to the book itself, the author’s note tends to be written in a different style of writing. It is because of these reasons I prefer to read the book first and if I find the book interesting I come back to the author’s note in order to find out more about the writer. When doing a research Valeriya finds it very useful to annotate and underline the key phrases (Pupchenko, Valeriya). This technique helps her to have a quick overview of the read material without missing any important details. I, also, find this technique convenient and helpful, although I prefer taking notes to annotating because it allows me to keep things organized and in one specific place rather than spread all over the place. however my notes are not a summary of the text, but individual phrases that I find important. Summarizing is a useful technique that neither I nor Valeriya like to use, for the simple reason of time consumption. Index is probably the most convenient part of the book when searching for a specific topic. Skimming is another skill that saves time and helps to focus on the main ideas, even though it puts a reader at risk of missing on important ideas. These are the two techniques that I and Valeriya both find essential to a good research. in order to reduce the risk of missing information it is useful to pay attention to the thesis, headings, key phrases, first sentences of the paragraph, and the conclusion (Stubbs, Barnet, and Cain, 5). Active reading also includes other helpful techniques, such as previewing, engaging in critical thinking, and finding out about the author and the place of publication (Stubbs, Barnet, and Cain, 2-17). While previewing a piece of literature a reader should pay attention to the genre of the book and the original place of publication because it will provide a reader with the clues to what was the targeted audience. Subjecting a work to critical thinking provokes the reader to pay a close attention to details. Different people have different habits and methods they use when they read a iece of work, however the origins of these techniques can be traced to come from active reading. When a reader follows the basic approaches of previewing, skimming, and critical thinking, the process of reading becomes more comprehensive and beneficial. Active reading doesn’t only assists a reader in analyzing a piece of literature in a way that shows the full and complete picture of the book, but it also helps a reader to become also a better writer because a person can approach analytically to his/her own work just as if it was someone else’s.

Chapter 17-18 Essays - Europe, Russian Empire, Rurik Dynasty

Chapter 17-18 Michael Romanov assumed power over a destroyed country with the capital itself as well as a number of other towns, burned down. Many roaming bands, some of them several thousand strong, continued looting the land. Moreover, Muscovy remained at war with Poland and Sweden, which had seized respectively Smolensk and Novgorod as well as other Russian terror and promoted their own candidates to the Muscovite throne, Prince Wladyslaw and Prince Phillip. In 1613 and the years following, the most pressing problems were those of internal disorder, foreign invasion, and financial collapse. Within some three years the government had dealt effectively with the disorder, inspire of new rebellions. Authorities made certain concessions to the Cossacks and amnestied all bandits, provided they would enroll in the army to fight the swedes. Everything considered, Tsar Michaels government could also claim success in checking foreign aggression and stabilizing international relations, although at a price . Sweden, with its new king Gustavus II, or Gustave's Adolphus, occupied elsewhere in Europe, concluded peace in Stolbovo in 1617. According to the agreement, the swedes returned Novgorod and adjacent areas of northern Russia, but kept the strip of territory on the Gulf of Finland, thus pushing the Russians farther from the sea. During Michaels reign, important events also occurred south of the Muscovite borders. In 1637 Don Cossacks, on their own seized, the distant Turkish fortress of Azov by the sea of the same name. In 1641 a huge Turkish Army and navy returned, but in the course of an epic siege of four months could not dislodge the intruders. Michael died in 1645 at the age of forty-eight, and his only son Alexis or Aleksei, a youth of sixteen, succeeded him as tsar. Known as Tishaishii, the quietest One, in spite of his outburst of anger and general impulsiveness, Alexis left a favorable impression with many contemporaries, as well as with the subsequent historians. In his br illiant reconstruction of the tsar's character Kliuchevsky called Alexis "The kindest man" a glorious Russian soul and presented him both as the epitome of Muscovite culture and as one of the pioneers of the new Russian interest in the West. Alexis's Long reign, 1645-76 was by no means quiet. Old crises and problems persisted and some new ones appeared. Not least, he was faced with major popular uprisings, including in Moscow itself. In May and June 1648, the exasperated inhabitants of Moscow staged a large rebellion. Begun by artisans and tradesmen, they were soon joined by soldiers and some gentry. From 1624 to 1638 a series of Cossack and peasant rebellions swept Ukraine. Only with great exertion and after several defeats did the polish army and government last prevail. In Pereiaslavl in January 1654, an important but conversial treaty was signed that brought the Ukrainian cassock host and its lands into a union with Moscow. In response to the new Cossack-Muscovite alliance, Pola nd-Lithuania declared war on Russia. The brutal Thirteen-Years War, which included intervention by Sweden at one point, ended in 1667 with the Treaty of Andrusova. Significant events in the second half of Alexis's reign include the ecclesiastical reform undertaken by Patriarch Nikon and the resulting major split in the Russian Orthodox Church. The measures of Patriarch Nikon that has the most lasting importance concerned a reform of Church books and practices that resulted in a permanent cleavage among Russian Believers. Alexis's Successor Theodore, his son by his first wife, became tsar at the age of fourteen and died when he was twenty. The sixtieth-century economic depression also affected trade, crafts, manufacturing, and urban life generally. After the Time of Troubles, However, we see impressive new growth, largely stimulated by the demands of the expanding Moscow state, though all accounts agree that the Russian economy remained far less developed than in Western Europe at th at time. Serfdom was the foundation of the Muscovite economic and social system. Serf labor supported the gentry and thus the entire structure of the state. It seems that earlier peasant dependence, including slavery, was primarily the result of contracts: in return for a loan of money, grain, or agricultural tools, the peasant would promise to pay dues, the quitrent or obrok, to the landlord and preform

How to Cut and Fire Polish Glass Tubing

How to Cut and Fire Polish Glass Tubing Glass tubing is sold in a variety of lengths. Typical lengths are 6 (~150 mm), 12 (~300 mm) although glass is also sold by the foot. There is a good chance youll need to cut the tubing to make it the right size for your project or experiment, so here is what to do. Key Takeaways: How to Cut and Fire Polish Glass Tubing Before working with glass, be sure to put on eye protection and thick gloves. If the glass doesnt break cleanly, it can eject shards and cause potentially serious cuts.To cut tubing, score the glass. There are several methods to do this, including the use of a file or glass cutter. Some people prefer to score and break tubing underwater.To break the tubing, either hold the glass near the score mark and tap just below the mark with a hard object or else carefully snap the tubing apart.Fire polish the ends of the tubing by evenly heating the cut edges in a flame. Turn the tubing to assure even heating.Either place the tubing in a container with the hot ends facing upward or else set the tubing on an insulated surface. If you place hot glass on a cold surface (such as metal or stone) it may shatter. Use the edge of a steel file to score or notch the glass perpendicular to its length. A single score works best. If you saw back and forth, youre asking for a messy break. Also, a light score works better than a deep cut.Put on eye protection and heavy gloves. If you dont have gloves, you can minimize a chance of being cut by wrapping the tubing in a towel.Place your thumbs on either side of the notch and apply gentle pressure until the tubing snaps in two.The ends of the tubing will be extremely sharp, so youll need to fire polish them before using the tubing. Fire polish the tubing by holding the sharp ends of the glass in the flame of an alcohol lamp or gas burner. Turn the tubing so that it is heated evenly. Stop when the ends are smooth. Be careful that you dont leave the glass in the flame too long, which melts the tubing and may block the ends.Allow the glass tubing to cool before using it. If your tubing is too thick or you need to bend it, its easy to use a flame to bend and draw a glass tube. 3 Easy Ways to Cut Glass Without a File If you dont have a metal file or a glass cutter tool, dont despair. Here are three simple methods you can use to score and break glass tubing. Again, be sure to wear eye protection and protect your hands with gloves or a towel. Use String To use string to cut glass you need rubbing alcohol, a lighter, and a large container of water. Soak the string in the rubbing alcohol and wring out the excess liquid.Tightly tie the string around the part of the tubing where you want the cut.Set fire to the string.Once the flame completely encircles the glass, plunge it into a bucket of water.With the glass held under water, hold one side of the string and firmly tap the other below it with a stick or butter knife. Use Scissors Tubing will often cut with a pair of scissors. If the edges are jagged (which is likely), fire polish them afterward. You will need scissors, a pen, and a bucket of water. Use a permanent marker or wax pencil to mark where the tubing is to be cut.Hold the tubing underwater and simply snip the tubing along the marked line as if you were cutting thick paper. Use Wire Using wire to cut tubing it more reliable than string and produces a cleaner cut than scissors. You need wire, a lighter, and a bucket of water. A file is handy but not necessary. If you have a file, lightly score along the tubing where you want to cut it.Make sure youre wearing gloves. Heat the middle of the wire in a section long enough to completely encircle the tubing. Be careful because wire conducts heat so even the ends will get hot!Wrap the hot part of the wire around the tubing.Immediately immerse the tubing in water. The heat should break the glass without the need to apply any pressure.

Eternal Roman Flavor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eternal Roman Flavor - Essay Example The ancient Romans earned and invested their past history for the creation of fresh human wealth which had been of seminal value for the evolution of a richer future. Today's Rome is an effective blend of the ancient and the modern, a classic example of how the legacy of history can be preserved, productively lived, remodeled and passed on to the posterity . "History is not a traveler's idle reading tool; rather it is a live model to balance our urge for daily bread and accountability to the future generation" [Livy]. In fact the ancient Roman law that fostered and protected private property was the prototype of the modern free market economy which is the engine of globalization. It is in this context that one may see the study of Roman Civilization as one of the pillars of modern free market global economy. The historical graph of Ancient Rome can be phased into three segments. Phase I, 753 to 509 B.C. was the period of Rome's origin. Phase II spanning across 509 B.C. to 31 B.C. witnessed the growth of the Roman Republic studded with the Punic and Macedonian Wars and the development of their unique and acclaimed models of law and government. Phase III, 31 B.C. to A.D. 476 was the era of the glorious Roman Empire or the Roman World. Lasting Footprints The origin, growth and acme of Ancient Rome has left behind lasting footprints in the culture and civilization of the modern West and far beyond. The earliest contribution to economic liberty in the form of private property dates back to ancient Rome. The Romans inherited the spirit of liberty from the Greeks and used it to evolve the culture of private property which is an unmistakable version of liberty. Encouragement of private property in the ancient Roman law was the foundation for the modern free market liberal economies and democracy. "Ancient Romans had the sagacity and vision to realize the role of private property in human liberty". [Gibbon] That vision later evolved into the theory that encouragement of private property is the Eternal Roman Flavour 3 basis of free markets that generate wealth which is the engine of popular participation in politics. The economic basis of modern liberal democracy and global economy can be traced back to the contribution of ancient Rome to the development and popularization of private property. Three outstanding and fascinating aspects of Roman Civilization that would inspire any student of history are: Roman Law, Roman Government and most importantly Roman Virtues as briefly sketched below: Roman Law One of the most outstanding products of the ancient Roman mind was the Roman law. The embryonic form of the Roman Law was the Law of the Twelve Tables from which evolved the first Roman code of law at the time of the Early Republic. In fact that was the basis for the Roman legal system that stood universally relevant in the Western world for more than 1,000 years. "The underlying principle of the ancient Roman Law was the precept that the exact 'form' rather than the intended meaning of the words or of actions constitute all legal consequences". [Laughlin] Though not acceptable to the modern perspective of justice, the ancient Romans had

Negotiation & cross cultural communication Essay

Negotiation & cross cultural communication - Essay Example It is noteworthy to mention that the company has successfully fulfilled all â€Å"minimum† requirements required by the State. Therefore, to hold the company legally wrong would not be practically possible. The company has a strong case since it has complied with the legal requirements. The question now arises as to the ‘ethical’ obligations of the company in a foreign land- a case that has historically been a complex one. The Chinese negotiator employs a mix of ‘win-win’ and ‘win-lose’ strategies (Fang, 2006). Ultimately, however, the choice of either strategy is dependent of the level of trust prevalent in the situation (Fang, 2006). Therefore, as mentioned earlier, the development of trust between the two parties by the company shall be a deciding factor. In this case, however, it is highly likely that the Chinese farmers shall deploy a competitive negotiation style (as opposed to a co-operative one) due to the presence of foreigners ( the British and Germans running Zhengcheng in this case) (Fang, 2006). High-ranking employees must, therefore, be sent to negotiate with the farmers as a sign of respect and regard to their concerns (Faure, 1998). The individuals dealing with the Chinese must demonstrate significant level of patience and power to take decisions. The negotiating team must include a lawyer who’s thoroughly abreast of Chinese law as well as international best practices. This individual shall also strengthen the link between the foreign party and the Chinese farmers. Furthermore, it would be fruitful to include the company’s Chinese counterparts during the discussion as these shall act to enhance the level of trust between the two parties. Given their native Chinese ‘sense’ they shall be able to understand and respond to the underlying Chinese tricks in a better manner compared to the Westerners (Fang, 2006). Considering the fact that the Chinese tend to have a low level of tr ust for foreign stakes in their land, it would also be useful to include government support for Zhengcheng’s operations during the negotiation process. Towards the end, it is highly desirable to demonstrate to the Chinese that similar contractual agreements have been formerly accepted by other Chinese parties (Fang, 2006). The Chinese are highly risk-averse individuals; hence, by doing so the company would majorly mitigate the risks faced by the Chinese farmers. However, this may not be possible given that it is a first-time situation in this case. The company lawyer, however, may be able to assist in this regard and demonstrate cases of other Western companies reaching similar agreements with the Chinese in the past. The communication process in this case is a complex one since it involves taking into account various cross-cultural dynamics between the parties. The major issue is the ethical concerns by residents of China regarding Zhengcheng Ltd.’s waste disposal mec hanisms that have contaminated the production of lychees. It is in the best interests of the company to deploy significant level of culture-specific communication strategies to deal with the concerns of the Chinese farmers. It is imperative that the Western party engages in pre-negotiation discourse with the Chinese farmer

Analysis of The Good News Is that Sports Is Bad for Us Passage Essay

Analysis of The Good News Is that Sports Is Bad for Us Passage - Essay Example Assessment of reason for assumptions: The main reasons given for this are the widespread sporting malpractice currently recorded in the field of sports. This means that more and more players, their coaches, as well as other private stakeholders, use sporting. Authorities Cited: A number of authorities are mentioned in the passage, including the International Cricket Council, and Premier League football. These authorities make it plausible for readers to understand the depth of sporting corruption and malpractice in the society. Further Evidence: Further evidence about the failure of sporting corruption refers to the penalties that sportsmen’s and women get because of failing to adhere to sporting rules and regulations. Explanations: It is evident that the sports industry is too corrupt with new cays of cheating coming up every new day, such as using drugs and boosters to increase their performance capabilities in the field. Some cricket players even use illegal drugs in order to outperform their competitors during such tournaments. Comparisons: There are no major comparisons made through this text Further Conclusion: Sporting malpractice and corruption is on the rise because more sportsmen want to get ahead of others through illegal means instead of winning successfully Parallel reasoning: there is no parallel reasoning in the passage. General principles: The passage does not use any general principles. Do the reasons support the conclusion? The reasons were given to support the conclusion as there is a significant possibility of increased sporting malpractice within the society. Passage 2 â€Å"Demi-Gods and Mortals,† By John Harris Conclusion and Reasons: This passage is trying to get me to accept the fact that Demi-gods and immortality exist. These bases because science can now engineer possibilities of having a life prolonged for long years as contrasted to the current life expectancy levels. In addition, the more the development of science, t he more the realization of life elongation techniques, such as those relating to how long a person can live. Future generations may soon become Demi-gods as science tries very hard to beat death at its own game. The reasons given for these are: Scientific research is leading to the indefinite extension of life as reported by researcher all over the world. The possibility of humankind becoming immortal is more than science fiction fantasy In the long-term it may be possible to switch off the aging process and maintain a repair program in cells Assumptions: The assumptions of this passage are that science has the capabilities of designing new ways of prolonging life by making adding impossible. As such, death will no longer be part of the human life cycle, and this means that human beings will be immortal with time, as the future progresses, and somehow become Demi-gods.

Ignorance Of Physical Health In Mental Illness

Ignorance Of Physical Health In Mental Illness According to World health organization, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. From this definition it can be inferred that health includes three major aspects and consideration of all aspects of health while providing care to the patients is very important. This definition applies on both psychiatric and medicine field because without holistic care it is impossible to achieve a complete state of wellbeing. The health care professionals taking care of physically ill patients also consider their mental health (Sturgeon, 2007). On the other hand physical health of patients with serious mental illness is neglected which leads to high premature mortality rates in this population group (brown, 2012).Writing on this topic will help in understanding about importance of holistic care in mental health care setting. According to (Thornicroft, 2011) 20-year mortality gap for men, and 15 years for women, is still experienced by people with mental illness in high-income countries. The combination of lifestyle risk factors for chronic diseases, higher rates of unnatural deaths and Poorer physical healthcare contributes to this scandal of premature mortality. It shows that high mortality rate in mentally ill patients is due to the ignorance of physical health so it is important to consider the physical health of such patients to maintain good quality of life. Likewise, I have witnessed the ignorance of physical health during clinical in Karwan-e-Hayat.18 years old female was admitted in Karwan-e-Hayat with diagnose of schizophrenia. On clinical day I saw that she was sitting in her bed shivering and constantly going to wash room. I informed staff about her condition but they ignored and say she will be all right. Next day she was in same situation, looking very tired and anxious again I informed staff but they did not do anything. Next week when we went there I asked staff about her condition they told that she was suffering from severe diarrhea and was admitted in Zia-u-din hospital. Reflecting on this scenario its very upsetting that staff are ignoring physical health of patients which leads to more distortion of their health, economic burden, and many other unexpected out comes such as death and serious illnesses. Mentally ill patients are more prone to physical illness then the general population because of many reasons such as lack of exercise, high rates of smoking and poorer diet contributes to higher rates of hypertension, high plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory illness etc. (Chacà ³n, 2011). Moreover some researches also show that there is strong genetic relationship between some psychological and physiological illness such as diabetes and schizophrenia that people with diabetes have the tendency to get schizophrenia. Patients with severe mental illness are unable to maintain a healthy behavior which leads to many serious physical illnesses. So it is the duty of health care professionals to provide holistic care to these patients. Further somatic pain is also a reason for example, when such patient complains about pain staff perceives it as somatic delusion and they did not do any assessment which leads to further con sequences. Thornicroft (2011) states there are many barriers which contribute to physical illness. He gives the concept of diagnostic overshadowing that people with mental illness receive worse treatment for physical disorders. For example people with co-morbid mental illness and diabetes that presented to an emergency department, were less likely to be admitted to hospital for diabetic complications than those with no mental illness. It may be also due to the negative stereotyping and stigma related to the illness. Furthermore workload and shortage of staff is a factor because of workload the staff is unable to give time to individual patient. On the other hand lack of trained staff, lack and ignorance of daily assessment by trained staff leads to various physical health problems in mentally ill patients. For example in the above mentioned scenario the patient was shivering and was frequently going to washroom but the staff did not take notice of it and later it was found that the patient was having severe diarrhea. Brown(2012) added that health disparities experienced by these people is due to poverty, social isolation, problems accessing health assessment or lack of resources from management like tools and equipments to assess the physical symptoms of patients e.g. there is no BP cough to assess the BP of patients. Moreover mentally ill patients are unable to identify problem in their own body because of altered thought process and side effects of psychotic medication such as seizures, hypotension extra pyramidal symptoms these all factors contribute to serious physical illnesses. According to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs physical needs and health are most important to be fulfilled. He says that physiological needs are deficiency needs, meaning that these needs are important in order to avoid unpleasant consequences. These physiological needs include the most basic needs that are important to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, sleep, and health. So from this model we can infer that physical health and needs are very important in order to maintain a healthy life. Mentally ill people are appearing to give less priority to their physical health needs. Health promotion for such people should aim to raise awareness of variable high-risk lifestyle factors and their control (Buhagiar, 2011). For example it is the responsibility of health care providers and family members to provide awareness to the clients about reducing risk factors that cause physical illness such as sedentary life style, smoking, drug abuse, and consumption of unhealthy diet. Additionally (Buhagiar, 2011)added that locus of control in mentally ill patients is external as compared to physically ill patients, so here comes the main role of health care providers and family members to change their behavior and performing daily assessment of such patients. The timely assessment will help care givers to act pro-actively and take prophylactic measures to control behaviors and diseases in mentally ill patients. Furthermore (Tsay, 2007) explain that we need multidimensional strategy to reduce disparities in physical health of mentally ill patients. For example integration of mental and physical health services will be of some benefit like in above discussed scenario the patient was only receiving care for mental illness, so to provide holistic care the management of such organizations should focus on both mental and physical aspects of health and make sure the availability of physicians and equipments needed for the assessment, treatment and health promotion of such patients. In addition (brown, 2012) mental health nurses and clinicians should play an active role in health promotion, primary prevention and the early detection and management of physical health problems. This would only be achieved when the health care providers are trained and competent in their skills such as therapeutic communication, proper physical assessment, and other psychomotor skills. So the management of any health care organization should arrange different training sessions for providing latest and reliable information that will help staff to provide holistic care, to refresh their knowledge with new researches and make sure the ongoing evaluation and analysis of training sessions. Thus the improvement in all these aspects will help care givers to provide holistic care to mentally ill patients and contribute to complete state of wellbeing. In conclusion, the physical health of mentally ill patients should be part of the field of action of psychiatric practitioners. Health consists of physical, mental, and social aspects, consideration of all three aspects is very essential; change in one aspect will lead to distortion of health. There for it is the duty of health organizations and health care providers to prevent illness promote and restore health and to do screening, diagnosis, and treat physical illness of mentally ill patients. Here my suggestion is that as health care professional we have to consider all three aspects of health and it is our duty to provide holistic care to the patients to achieve a complete state of health.

henry ford :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry Ford, born July 30, 1863, was the first of William and Mary Ford's six children. He grew up on a prosperous family farm in what is today Dearborn, Michigan. (XXX) It was early on that Henry showed a strong dislike for his farm chores and interests in all types of mechanical things. (XXX) In 1879 at the very young age of only sixteen Henry left home for Detroit the present day motor city.(XXXX) In Detroit Henry worked as an apprentice to a machinist.(XXX) Returning home to help with farming from time to time he remained in his apprenticeship for 3 years.(XXXX) In the years to follow Henry more or less drifted in his work such as operating or repairing steam engines, finding occasional work in a Detroit factory, and over-hauling his father's farm implements, as well as lending a reluctant hand with other farm work.(XXX) However In 1889 with the marriage to his wife Clara Bryant he was forced to find a steady job to support them and worked by running a saw mill. (XXX)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. By doing making this decision it showed that Ford had decided to concentrate his job and work to industrial pursuits. His promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893 gave him enough extra time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on internal combustion engines. (XXXX) In 1896 his experiments produced a result; he made a quadricycle that had a steering wheel and a two speed engine with no reverse. (XXX) Although this sounds like a very impressive feat Ford was not the first to build a self-propelled vehicle with a gasoline engine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After two unsuccessful attempts to establish a company to manufacture automobiles, the Ford Motor Company was founded in 1903 with Henry Ford as vice-president and chief engineer. (XXX) The small company produced only a few cars a day at the Ford factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit. Groups of two or three men worked on each car from components ordered in by other companies. (XXX) Henry Ford realized his dream of producing an automobile that was reasonably priced, reliable, and efficient with the introduction of the Model T in 1908. (XXXX) â€Å"This vehicle initiated a new era in personal transportation. It was easy to operate, maintain, and handle on rough roads, immediately becoming a huge success.† Says XXX in page XXX.

Fliptop Battle: the Modern Balagtasan Essay

Introduction: As a developing country on a contemporary period dominated with diverse influences, different sectors and government organizations as well as the non-governmental organizations anticipate on how to elevate and preserved the most powerful tool for communication – Language. Language is used to express inner thoughts and emotions, make sense of complex and abstract thought, communicate with others, as well as to establish rules and to preserved culture. It is used to inform people of what a person might feel, desire, anticipate, and communicate effectively with words, gestures, and tone of voice in a multitude of situation. Language is a special gift from God to mankind; if language doesn’t exist, human civilization would be impossible. Apart from being a means of communication, it is also a source of thinking as well as an expression. This is the reason why it is termed as â€Å"species uniform† possession of human beings.1 Language change and shifts as time passes by for a variety of reasons responding on social, economic, and political pressures. History records many examples of language changed and shifts fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration. Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change and shifts dramatically if enough users alter the way they speak.2 Media is a general form for modern channels of public information. Traditionally, they are radio, televisions, films, newspapers, and internet. These disseminate information and entertainment on a wide scale and their powers of manipulating public opinion are the subject of much discussion and research.3 Media are changing the terms of our engagement with language and social semiosis in late modernity, and with linguistic variation and dialect as part of that. Media made a great impact on language change by means of word adaptation as well as familiarization of words especially on Filipino people as shown on television, internet, radio, or even newspaper. Multimedia serves as a pathway for manifesting new ideas on preserving languages like the newl y formed Filipino rhythmical poetry debate known as â€Å"Fliptop Battle† popularized through â€Å"Youtube†, a very popular video sharing Web site that lets anyone upload short videos for private or public viewing. 4 Fliptop Battle is a rap battle league in the Philippines partake by young Filipino rappers or popularly called as battle  Ã¢â‚¬Å"emcees† considered as geniuses on a contemporary Filipino language and made to help Philippine rappers promote and train both rap skills and abilities as well as to educate the masses both on a hip-hop cultural level and on a commonsensical level. The league places these rappers in a pit against each other in a battle of lyrical creativity and innate musical rhythm.5 Balagtasan is Filipino art of publicly arguing in extemporaneous, scaled and rhymed poetry manner formed by a group of Filipino poets in April 6, 1924 to commemorate the birth of Francisco Balagtas. Similar to the Fliptop Battle of contemporary period, this were fought by two different â€Å"Makata†, has a moderator, and has jurors that will decide whether who among the two excelled. 6 Balagtasan is a prominent type of literature from the time when is was discovered in 1924 unt il the world war II started. Balagtasan brightens the popularity of lots of makata. Well-noted theatres such as Opere House, Olympic Stadium, and Teatro Zorilla as well as the different theatres in the Philippines were fulled by public. A very expressive battle of discourse on Magazines, Newspapers, and even on the Radio were labeled before the world war II started. Different versions of Balagtasan pop-up in every regions of the language, as well as adopted language like English and Spanish. Being a form of national literature, it is still part of the lives of every filipino not just the whole form balagtasan but every piece of it as a cultural expression.7 Fliptop Battle and the conventional Balagtasan are both battle of wisdom and free-flowing poetic discourse. They give entertainment through humorous approach, bullying using hard-hitting words, and proving who among them is the best. Fliptop Battle as the modern Balagtasan is the focus of this study. Analyzing and critiquing is the main purpose of this research paper. Specifically, this study sought why Fliptop Battle dubbed as Balagtasan of modern day. This study was likewise anchored on the assumption that Fliptop Battle: The Modern Balagtasan as one of the modern significant pathway on the preservation of Philippine Language and educating masses on a new breed of wordsmith and calling attention on a dying culture in the Philippines. Statement of the Problem: The study intends to investigates and analyze the benefits together with the profile of Fliptop Battle as the modern balagtasan. Specifically, this study  sought to answer to the following questions: 1. What are the characteristics of the Fliptop Battle: The Modern Balagtasan and the Conventional Balagtasan? 2. What is the common feature of the modern and the conventional balagtasan? 3. What are the existing influences of â€Å"Fliptop Battle: The Modern Balagtasan† poses along: a. Music b. Literature c. Language d. Entertainment 4. What is the significant contribution of â€Å"Fliptop Battle: The Modern Balagtasan† to the preservation of Philippine Language and Culture? Scope and Delimitation: The primary objective of the study is to know why Fliptop Battle is called as the â€Å"Modern Balagtasan† and how will it aid on the preservation of the Philippine Language and Culture. The secondary objective of this study is to know its role and to understand how Fliptop Battle: The Modern Balagtasan affects and influences the Philippine Music industry, Entertainment, Literature, and Language. As an addendum, the study will only include major information concerning Fliptop Battle. Significance of the Study: The reason why this study is significant can be explained from three aspects. First, this study investigates the nature, quality, traits, attribute, peculiarity, and distinctiveness of Fliptop Battle: The Modern Balagtasan to the conventional Balagtasan. Consequently, this research might offer an empirical awareness to the reader on a dying culture reincarnated through a modern method. Second, this study will give knowledge to the readers regarding the stand of Fliptop Battle to Philippine Music industry, Literature, Language, and Entertainment. Third, it is hoped that this study may help the readers, as well as the authorities on providing the information addressed to the contribution of Fliptop Battle to Philippine Language and Culture. The researchers believed that this study would be beneficial to the following: Literature and Language Teachers — this study will help them in demonstrating and discussing the Modern Balagtasan in  contrast to the conventional balagtasan and encourage the students to love for own culture. Other Researchers – the study will serve as their reference encouraging them to research on different issues concerning cultural problems that needs a corresponding action and a guide for their studies and related purposes. Authorities – this study will serve to different sectors, governmental and non-governmental organizations as additional reference and will call their attention not just on the preservation of Philippine language and literature but also on the conservation and promotion of Philippine culture. NOTES 1Brown, Steven & Attardo, Salvatorre â€Å"Understanding Language Structure, Interaction, and Variation: An Introduction to Applied Linguistics and Sociolinguistics for Non-specialists†, The University of Michigan Press, 2000,2005., Pp. 160 2Mulfwene, Saliko S. â€Å"Language Evolution: Contact, Competition, and Change†, Cromwell Press, Wiltshirem, Great Britain, 2009 Pp.197 3Hawksby, Lester â€Å"Philip’s Encyclopedia† Octopus Publishing Group, c2007., Pp. 505 4 http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/YouTube 5http://neillangit.wordpress.com/2010/08/09/modern-balagtasan/ (August 9, 2010) 6Zafra, Galileo S. â€Å"Balagtasan: Kasaysayan at Antolohiya† Ateneo de Manila University Press, Quezon City Philippines, c1999., Pp. 4-11 7 Ibid., 13. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the related literatures and studies gathered from various books, published and unpublished materials, internet and other references which are related to the present study. This section also consists of synthesis of the state of the art, analytical framework, analytical paradigm, definition of terms, and notes. Related Literature: This present the related literature reviewed â€Å"Fliptop Battle: The modern Balagtasan – An Analysis† is a product of research, and reading on several literatures and studies. Several books such as encyclopedias, journals, magazine, newspapers, audio-visual materials, and other standard reference were used. The Balagtasan: Kasaysayan at Antolohiya of Galileo S. Zafra is a collection of past events, origins, and literary works of popular â€Å"makata’s† in the Philippines since the era of Balagtasan has started and wrote about transforming the consciousness and fighting alien interests and the ills of the society concerning cultural awareness.1 In a documentary video done by Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho, it was discussed that Fliptop Battle is a new tool in preserving and reviving the forgotten oral tradition of the Filipinos namely the â€Å"Balagtasan†. Traditions of every ethnicity serve as an identity who they are and where they came from. Based on the documentary, the so-called Modern Balagtasan popularly known as Fliptop Bat tle is being practiced by youths anywhere such as in school, street, and bars. On one of the video footage where CBCP’s Fr. Melvin Castro was featured, he stressed that Fliptop Battle is a very good invention of the youth and can be developed, purified, and elevate the quality.2 Saab Magalona (2010) is a writer of Philippine Star Newspaper. She featured and wrote about Aric Yuson, the founder of the Balagtasan of the modern day. Aric is the son of Alfred Yuson, a well respected Filipino writer and according to the interview done by Magalona, Aric has always been a fan of the battling aspect of hip-hop and watches different battle leagues online such as the biggest rap battle in the world Grind Time Now by America and Canada’s King of The Dot. â€Å"As for rap or emcee battles, I enjoy the spontaneity, competition, and of course, the relatively twisted humor employed in degrading your opponent† Aric shares. The facet is entertaining in itself, but ultimately he enjoys how concepts are formed and then articulated in battle verse. He wanted to apply it to Philippine culture that’s why the Fliptop Battle was born. The merit of Fliptop Battle is to educate the masses on both hip-hop and dying culture in the Philippines which is the Balagtasan especially on the promotion of social awareness.3 In the documentary film done by Motorcycle Diaries of GMA News TV, Jay Taruc presented facts about the Fliptop Battle considered as the Balagtasan of the modern day, its nature, and how Fliptop battle is being practiced. The documentary also reveals that Fliptop Battle is somewhat a pathway for  rappers to promote and educate masses about the hip—hop culture.4 â€Å"Teenagers have a playful mind that’s why it is natural for them to invent their vocabulary; in fact they can form little language. Changes in Language are normal in every existing language like Filipino†. – It is according to Virgilio Almario, a Philippine National Artist for Literature on an interview done by Television channel GMA News TV on the show Balitanghali regarding the impact of Bekimon, Jejemon, and Fliptop Battle: The Modern Balagtasan to Filipino Language.5 In the July, 2010 issue of FHM Magazine, Fliptop Battle was featured together with the founder of it namely Aric Yuson, popularly known as ANYGMA. They presented facts about Fliptop Battle, its origin, behavior, nature, concept, and other important details. The article also stressed that â€Å"Fliptop Battle is one of the Youtube sensations of 2010 because it has gone viral with several of video hits million views in just a couple months†. Related Studies: This presents the related studies, which the researchers were able to find. The development of this study was taken from published and unpublished theses. The Published Doctor in Filipino Thesis of Galileo S. Zafra entitled, The â€Å"Dalumat ng Katuwiran mulang Duplo hanggang Balagtasan† is a study were Balagtasan is being invoked. It is the continuation of his past study entitled â€Å"Kasaysayan at Retorika ng Balagtasan. This study is vital to the following mainly the Literature, History of poetry, Ethnography of Native Culture, and to the Filipino and Ancestral Philosophy. In literature, it provides unique principles to elevate the native literature particularly in rhetorical and oral traditions of regarding verbal jousts and Balagtasan. In history of poetry, distinctions between poetical joust and Balagtasan from native rituals, it can be used as a cradle to reintroduce the history of poetry in the Philippines. In ethnography of native culture, this offers vital promulg ation of fundamentals which will awaken the existence of past events and can be used as a tool for studying culture and data. In Filipino and ancestral phisophy, the study could be a reference in philosophical discourse through the use of criticism. This study is related to the present study since both dealt with Balagtasan as a nearly forgotten tradition in the Philippines. Loreviza, et.al., â€Å"Philipine seditious dramas as a tool for  social awareness† a study mainly to create social awareness on every readers and researchers about the events may happen on the environment using the most powerful tool on influencing the masses – Media. â€Å"As long as the world shall last there will be wrongs, and if no man objected and no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever – Clarence Darrow†, as part of the community people are subjected to be more critical thinker. If all of these wrongs get ignored, ancestral heritages would probably be forgotten especially the new generation. This study is related to the study since both dealt with social awareness. â€Å"Social issues are inevitable†, a phrase which was stressed on the study â€Å"Social problems reflected in the selected essays from Time Asia Magazine† by Bongalon et.al.,This study focuses on several essays concerning present social issues and aimed to have an understanding on the problems found in their surroundings and its implication to the society which has been taken for granted. In relation to the present study, both aims to persuade the masses in appreciating literary works and create social awareness regarding social issues. Synthesis of the State of the Art: The related literature reviewed helped the researchers on finding necessary information relevant to the present study, including the concrete definition of Balagtasan. The evolution of it from the early period to the present as well as how Balagtasan as a literary form has contributed to the lives of every Filipinos and how it mirrors the society. Especially on the Zafra has a wide scope of Balagtasan on his study â€Å"Ang Dalumat ng Katuwiran Mulang Duplo Hanggang Balagtasan†. He included the â€Å"Duplo† or poetic jousts in his study which is said to be one of the influences of Balagtasan although, the whole dissertation talks about Balagtasan itself. This study becomes the basis of the present study on the contextual of traditional Balagtasan and he then clearly portrays the Balagtasan as a whole. He proved Balagtasan as a form of literature that has vital role in traditions which is culture to the Filipinos. The presentation of the Balagtasan is unique, original, and convincing because of his methodology and ethnography which lead to an evident of the literature and to the society where it belongs. Bongalon et.al., focused on persuading the masses in appreciating literary works of Filipino writers and to generate awareness in the social issues. They used  essays from a magazine regarding social issues which nowadays have been overlooked by many. Loveriza et.al., objective was to convince the readers as well as researchers to become more socially aware on their society and to be more patriotic in their cultural heritages which is similar to the present study. They used Philippine Seditious Drama as a tool which will aid on the witlessness of the present society and in comparison to the present study, both uses audio-visual materials. In this regard the researchers were inspired by this study because no one has yet conducted a research about the Fliptop Battle as the Modern Balagtasan considering that is new in the present society which has a great bearing and significance to the society as whole. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This study rests on the theory of Max Horkheimer’s (1937) Critical Theory. It deals with revitalization of radical, social and cultural criticism. This theory has two core concept: first is that â€Å"critical theory should be directed at totality of society in its historical specificity, and the second is that critical theory should improve the understanding of society by integrating all the major social sciences including geography, economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology. 2 The first concept deals with addressing it to the society through historical approach. In society, history is part of culture; failure to preserve cultural heritages will lead to overlooking. That’s the reason why Horkheimer have come up with this concept. The second concept states that critical theory should elevate the awareness of society by invoking the components of social sciences. A broad understanding of milieu particularly on societal components will aid on the preservation of cultural heritages and social awareness of every society. This theory aims not just to determine what was wrong with the contemporary society of the present but, by identifying progressive aspects and tendencies within it to help transform society for better.

The congenital heart disease Essays

The congenital heart disease Essays The congenital heart disease Essay The congenital heart disease Essay an Atrial Septal Defect ( ASD ) , Pneumonic Artery Stenosis, Tetralogy of Fallot ( TOF ) ( Fig. 1 ) and Transposition of the Great Arteries ( TGA ) ( Fig. 2 ) . Congenital Heart Disease is now non merely a job of the kid, many people with the status are now populating into maturity. It is predicted that by 2010, 185,000 people will be populating in the UK with CHD ( Deanfield ( BHF ) 2003 ) . Treatment for Congenital Heart Conditions has changed quickly over the last 50 old ages. Now surgical direction is needed in most instances nevertheless some defects will either decide themselves or necessitate medicine. Surgical intervention has changed in recent times, fewer patients are necessitating unfastened bosom surgery and more are having a catheterization technique. Around 3,100 operations and 725 interventional cardiac catheterizations are performed each twelvemonth on babes and kids with CHD ( BHF 2003 ) . The effects of surgical intercessions on cardiorespiratory map have been exhaustively researched in the yesteryear. The surveies have concluded that surgery does better lung and cardiac map and reduces secondary complications ( Picchio 2006 ) . Exercise is widely known as the best intervention for most musculoskeletal jobs but its effects on the cardiorespiratory system has merely late been researched into ( Cullen 1991 ) . Pulmonary and Cardiac Rehabilitation have now been shown to hold an consequence in grownups but the research into pediatric rehabilitation categories is non widely known approximately. Other surveies have looked at exercising preparation or a cardiac rehabilitation programmes following surgery and the consequence of this on the patient s exercising tolerance. I am traveling to utilize this reappraisal to measure these surveies which look at both cardiac rehabilitation programmes and besides degrees of exercising tolerance following surgery. I want to discourse whether there are any spreads in the cognition base environing the effects of exercising in cardiac surgery of pediatricss. I besides want to reason whether the premise that exercising is positive, can be right justified. Method After make up ones minding a subject I was able to get down researching into the background country of pediatric cardiology. I started by utilizing a combination of footings including, Exercise, Sports, Physical Activity, Paediatrics, Children, Post-Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Disease, Congenital Heart Defects and Cardiac Rehabilitation. The hunt pages I found highlighted articles of relevancy and so I used the nexus to related articles to happen the surveies ( see appendix 1 ) . I besides searched on single diary web sites including, Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiology in the Young. I used databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Ovid, Sciencedirect and Springerlink to read abstracts of articles and make up ones mind their relevancy to my reappraisal. I so selected the most relevant and used excel to roll up a tabular array where I could easy see the differences in the surveies under headers ( see appendix 4 ) . The surveies I am looking at are all based on pediatricss and are randomised controlled tests dating from 1981 to 2009. Although some of the surveies are about 30 old ages old, they hold some strong grounds compared to show twenty-four hours surveies and hence I have non discounted older surveies from this reappraisal. Other reappraisals have assessed whether exercising has an impact on cardiorespiratory public presentation and have been shown that an exercising rehabilitation category does supply benefits in cardiorespiratory public presentation and exercising capacity. Some of the surveies that are being reviewed nevertheless are reasoning with undistinguished findings. The reappraisals have stated that research lacks long-run effects of preparation and besides a clear apprehension as to which exercising type is best ( Tomassoni 1996 ) . In this reappraisal I will seek expression at newer surveies and see if the countries of cognition that were found to be omitted after old reappraisals have now been researched into. Review of Surveies First I am traveling to discourse the testing of the participants. All of the surveies completed two exercising trials to measure the participant s ability before and after either the cardiac rehabilitation plan or surgery. Exercise testing is really hard to reproduce. Many surveies have jobs with guaranting the trial is accurate and dependable and many battle, doing consequences and proving to be different and hence non comparable. If the consequences are non accurate and can non be compared to other surveies the consequences can do a alteration in mean consequences and therefore may misdirect readers into a false positive consequence. Each of the surveies used either a treadmill trial or a rhythm dynamometer to prove their participant s cardiorespiratory map and exercising tolerance. Using these two trials is the most common technique of proving map as it is really dependable. ( Washington 1994 ) All surveies used a specific protocol outlined in the Washington Guidelines with all of the surveies utilizing a treadmill trial with five of the 13 surveies utilizing Bruce s protocol. Bruce s protocol is where the class of exercising is increased every 3 proceedingss until the participant has reached their maximal capacity and can non go on. The bike dynamometer trials are where the participants are required to rhythm continuously at about 50-60rpm where the class of exercising is increased by 10-20 watts/ minute every three proceedingss. This is besides completed until the participant can no longer go on ( Washington 1994 ) . Exercise proving utilizing a treadmill or a rhythm dynamometer causes jobs because the undertaking they are set abouting in the trial are is non functional and do non associate to day-to-day undertakings. Runing and cycling is functional but non to that class of exhaustion. Many kids usually will halt an exercising when they are palling and will neer force themselves to the degree that these exercising trials are forcing them. The undertakings are besides non fun for the participants and I feel that it should be fun otherwise kids will acquire bored. This is the same with the intercession as good and the programmes should be child oriented and single to each kid. Result Measures are the footing to the consequences of a survey and therefore its effectivity. A deficiency of certain outcome steps may demo big defects in a survey as many can be used to measure different parts of map and physiological activities. In the surveies looking at the effects of cardiovascular surgery, there were a limited figure of outcome steps that were looked at. Sarubbi ( 2000 ) merely looked at bosom rate and blood force per unit area as result steps and this limits consequences. The chief result steps were bosom rate, blood force per unit area and maximal work rate in all the surveies. These result steps although really limited are values that help us to understand cardiovascular activities. Other helpful steps would hold been oxygen impregnations, which merely Rhodes surveies ( 2005/6 ) looked into. Impregnations are helpful to measure whether a alteration in bosom rate or blood force per unit area affects impregnations or whether a alteration in these may be due to a airing job. ( Rivers 2001 ) The result steps of the cardiac rehabilitation surveies are all different but all have likewise looked at exercising capacity after the intercession. This is shown by all the surveies utilizing VO2 as a step and that all the participants improved their VO2 upper limit to let for a greater exercising capacity. The lone survey that did non turn out an addition in VO2 soap was Goldberg s survey ( 1981 ) which merely showed an betterment in maximal work rate. This could hold been due to the day of the month in which the survey was undertaken. This was one of the earlier surveies done in 1981 and hence engineering may non hold been as accurate or every bit dependable as some of the ulterior surveies done since 2000. However Goldberg s survey was the 1 that had the most intervention clip of all the surveies with exercising of up to 45 proceedingss completed on alternate yearss with a rigorous government to increase class of exercising over the 6 hebdomads. This leads me to believe that pos sibly it was inappropriate testing or inaccurate engineering that changed the consequences of the survey as old reappraisals have shown that an addition in exercising clip has shown to hold positive effects on wellness. As engineering has developed since the early 1880ss, this may be why more accurate testing is used and hence doing consequences more positive to the result we wish. Another job in tests of this kind is conformity. Conformity is ever an issue when finishing surveies ( Burke 1997 ) . Initially enrolling people to take part is hard and many people with either choose non to take part or may drop-out early in the survey. Many people will non take part because of exercising proving being excessively invasive or because of geographical deductions as the distance to the base of the survey being an issue. Some of the surveies had big drop-out rates with about 30 % lessening in patients ab initio feasible for the intervention program and those who undertook the trials in the survey ( Arvidsson 2009 ) . I think this could be explained by that the surveies involved child participants that are less compliant to long term programmes and who tire easy to an activity. Besides due to the nature of the surgery that they have all completed, many parents will be protective over their kids and be forcing the participant s exercising tolerance will do many parents wo rried about their kid s wellness. Much of this can be avoided by specifically explicating the processs and replying any inquiries that the parent or participant may hold to educate them that this a intervention program and is non traveling to impede their kid s recovery or wellness. Besides intercession clip is a major issue when looking at tests. Some may be yearss long and others have followups of old ages one time the intercession has finished. The surveies that focus on Cardiac rehabilitation all have assorted clip graduated tables of their intercession with the shortest plan being six hebdomads ( Goldberg 1981 ) and the longest around 20 hebdomads ( Opocher 2005 ) . The difference in timescale and the different figure of Sessionss that the participants attend makes it hard to measure whether it is the content of the plan that affects the patients or whether merely exerting over a longer, more sustained period of clip effects the participants in the same manner. I think surveies that look at different contents of intervention programmes but have a fixed intercession clip may be good in make up ones minding the purpose of this reappraisal. When looking at the surveies, all of the cardiac rehabilitation plans merely assess the patients exercise public presentation heterosexual after the plan and merely one survey looks at the effects of the plan long term. Rhodes et al 2005 foremost looked at the immediate consequence of a cardiac rehabilitation plan and so in 2006 did another survey looking at the same participants of the old survey six months after the original plan. The surveies that look at exercising capacity before and after surgery besides do non look at the effects of the cardiovascular system in response to exert on a long term graduated table. Long term effects are the best index to state that map and exercising capacity has improved ( Miller 2005 ) . Sociodemographics of the topics in a survey are besides of import to reexamine as to its engagement in truth of consequences. Different age ranges or male to female ratios cause surveies to be inaccurate in seeking to generalize the population group. Many of the surveies had a really big age scope within their participant groups with the largest difference being 17.6 old ages in Marino et Al s survey in 2005. I feel that the exercising difference between a seven twelvemonth old is really different to that of a 24 twelvemonth old. I feel that a big age scope is used to increase capable Numberss. Male: Female ratios are besides of import and that a big bulk in these surveies had male participants. The biggest ratio of male to female was in Opocher s ( 2005 ) survey where there were nine male participants and merely one female participants. The best ratio of male: female was either Moalla ( 2006 ) survey with 44 males and 39 females. This is of import as I believe work forces and adult females react otherwise to exercising. Capable Numberss is besides a big job with these surveies. Due to most of the surveies merely looking at the kids that have had surgery in their trust or infirmary they have decreased their capable Numberss and none of the surveies look at the effects on big figure of topics on a national graduated table. The surveies that looked at cardiac rehabilitation all have capable Numberss under 16 which is a really large restriction. The lone surveies that have larger Numberss are the 1s that look at exercising capacity after surgery. By holding participants that are merely from the immediate country of the survey base besides means you do non acquire a generalized position of everyone nationally and you may non cover different kids from different backgrounds socially and economically and so may hold different attitudes to rehabilitation, intervention and self-management. Surveies with participants that are non generalised to their population group can therefore bring forth a prejudice consequence to that specific population group. Besides holding different backgrounds of participants is of import in measuring their conformity and what single exercising programme they should be given. Having a specific age scope is peculiarly of import as many of the topics may be inappropriate for the programme due to their age. Some of the topics may be excessively immature and utilizing topics that are under six old ages old would be inappropriate due to the topics being excessively immature to understand the instructions of the survey. Using older topics may besides do different consequences as their organic structures have had longer to recover independent map and the organic structure has had clip to counterbalance for a deficiency in cardiorespiratory map. I think it is of import to maintain variables every bit compendious as possible and tests should be able t o based on one variable entirely and genuinely work on whether surgery or exercising has an consequence on that variable independently. Effectss of Cardiac Rehabilitation The surveies looking at cardiac rehabilitation all have an exercising programme set up for their patients either at place ( Moalla 2006 ) or in an outpatient scene ( Ruttenberg 1983 ) . These Sessionss runing in therapy clip from one hr surrogate yearss to one hr one time a hebdomad, all show an addition in either cardiorespiratory public presentation or in exercising tolerance. This shows that a rehabilitation programme is appropriate for these patients and does hold a positive consequence on the participant s life. Rhodes surveies ( 2005/6 ) had the greatest consequence on the patient s concluding result. Not merely did most of the proving consequence in important effects but the big scope of result steps used agencies that we can measure non merely the cardiovascular public presentation of the participant but besides look at the pneumonic effects of the exercising and their effects of the bosom and the cardiac system. What we can besides see from this reappraisal is that the cardiac rehabilitation programmes are going more important in consequences as the surveies get newer. This is a good index that current programmes are being effectual in their rehabilitation ( Opocher 2005, Rhodes 2005/6, Moalla 2006 ) and that newer techniques and more cognition on exercising has lead to better run categories which non merely better consequences more systematically than the older surveies and that the effects from an initial programme can besides be maintained for 6months after intercession ( Rhodes 2006 ) . Effectss of Cardiovascular Surgery Two of the surveies looking at effects of surgery merely have exercising testing after the surgery. The survey by Arvidsson merely used the figure of athleticss Sessionss a hebdomad that the participant goes to after the surgery. Therefore a direct comparing between their before and after the surgery ability can non be done and so the survey is merely looking at their athleticss engagement after surgery and non the effects of the surgery. However these surveies do demo that after surgery kids s exercising tolerance additions to the degree that healthy participants are accomplishing ( Zaccara 2003 ) and they are take parting in equal sums of athleticss engagement following surgery ( Arvidsson 2009 ) Future thoughts In future surveies, long term effects of cardiac rehabilitation should be researched, with a follow-up trial of a least a twelvemonth after their rehabilitation to see if the participant is now more active. I besides think a control group should be used in the survey to look at the effects of non-surgical patients that besides participate in cardiac rehabilitation. This is to measure whether the betterment seen during cardiac rehabilitation is non merely a response to any exercising and that if a kid went back to normalcy and take parting in athleticss so they will merely be as exercising tolerant as kids who do non hold CHD. Besides I would propose that an exercising programme for the patients that is more functional but besides merriment and exciting for the patient should be used to increase conformity and besides enjoyment for the participants and their parents. Decision In decision, Cardiac surgery is a normally used signifier of cut downing inborn bosom defects and has been shown by these surveies that the surgery does hold an betterment on the patient s cardiorespiratory public presentation. I have besides found that a cardiac rehabilitation programme is good for pediatric patients after cardiac surgery for inborn bosom defects. References/ Bibliography Arvidsson, D ( 2009 ) Physical Activity, athleticss engagement and aerophilic fittingness in kids who have undergone surgery for inborn bosom defects. Acta Paediatrica 98 pp. 1475-1482 Balfour, I. ( 1991 ) Pediatric Cardiac Rehabilitation. AJDC- Volume 145 pp. 627-630 Bradley, L. ( 1985 ) Consequence of Intense Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Children After Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot or Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 56 pp.816-818 Burke, L. ( 1997 ) Conformity with cardiovascular disease bar schemes: A reappraisal of the research. Annalss of Behavioural Medicine. Volume 19, figure 3, pp. 239-263 Cullen, S. ( 1991 ) Exercise in Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiology in the Young ; 1: pp. 129-135 Deanfield J. ( 2003 ) Congenital Heart Disease Statistics ( accessed on 8/11/09 ) British Heart Foundation Statistics Database www.heartstats.org disease take part in athletics and in which sort of athletics? Journal Of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7: pp. 234-238 Draper, Dr. Richard ( 2008 ) Congenital Heart Disease in Children ( accessed on 3/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Congenital-Heart-Disease- ( CHD ) -in-Children.htm ECHO ( Evelina Children s Heart Organisation ) ( accessed on 15/11/2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.echo-evelina.org.uk/ Goldberg, B. ( 1981 ) Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance of Children Following Surgical Repair of Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Vol. 68 No.5 pp. 691-699 hypertext transfer protocol: //graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/18088.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/8807.jpg Marino, B. ( 2006 ) Exercise Performance in kids and striplings after the Ross process. Cardiology in the Young 16: 40-47 Miller, T. ( 2005 ) Exercise rehabilitation of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disease. Advancement in Paediatric Cardiology Volume 20, pp. 27-37 Minamisawa, S. ( 2001 ) Consequence of Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Patients After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 88 pp. 695-699 Moalla, W. ( 2006 ) Consequence of exercising preparation on respiratory musculus oxygenation in kids with inborn bosom disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 13: 604-611 National Statistics ( 2007 ) Congenital anomaly Statistics Notifications. Office for National Statistics. Series MB3, no.22 Opocher, F. ( 2005 ) Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Children After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Vol. 95 pp.150-152 Picchio F. ( 2006 ) Can a kid who has been operated on for inborn bosom Rhodes J. ( 2006 ) Sustained Effectss of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Children with serious Congenital Heart Disease. Paediatrics Volume 118:3 pp.586-592 Rhodes, J. ( 2005 ) Impact of Cardiac Rehabiliation on the Exercise Function of Children with Serious Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Volume 116:6 pp.1339-1345 Rivers, E. ( 2001 ) Central venous O impregnation monitoring in the critically sick patient. Current Opinion in Critical Care. Volume 7, issue 3, pp. 204-211 Ruttenberg, H. ( 1983 ) Effectss of Exercise Training on Aerobic Fitness in Children after Open Heart Surgery. Pediatric Cardiology Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-24 Sarubbi, B. ( 2000 ) Exercise Capacity in Young Patients after Total Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Paediatric Cardiology 21: 211-215 Tomassoni, T. ( 1996 ) Role of exercising in the direction of cardiovascular disease in kids and young person. Medicine A ; Science in Sports A ; Exercise. Volume 28 ( 4 ) , pp 406-413 Washington RL. Et Al. ( 1994 ) Guidelines for exercising testing in the paediatric age group. Journal of the American Heart Association. Volume 90 ; pp. 2166-2179 Zaccara, A. ( 2003 ) Cardiopulmonary Performances in Young Children and Adolescents Born with Large Abdominal Wall Defects. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 38 ; 3 pp 478-481

communism1 essays

communism1 essays Communism has failed in Europe because of its lack of care for the individual, its corrupt leaders and also because it went against human nature. Two novels that demonstrate this statement are the semi-autobiographical We the Living by Ayn Rand, and Julian Barnes' The Porcupine. According to Ayn Rand, Communists were pitiless. When Kira, the protagonist of the story, begged for help to save her lover's life, the only answer she received from the general was "Why - in the face of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics- can't one aristocrat die?" (216). Communists say that they want everyone to be equal and have a good life, yet they contradict themselves in that they don't acknowledge each individual, which is the make-up of their so-called "collect." Since individuals didn't matter, people lived poorly. In Maria Petrovna's words, "'These are hard times, God have pity on us, these are hard times'" (27). Communism crushed people's hopes and it also broke them down. " 'We have no future,'" (27) said Simon. Barnes showed how people didn't matter in a Communist society by showing how people were exhausted. "People had been too busy, or too tired, to make love; that was another thing that had broken down...During the last statistical year, the number of live births had been exceeded both by the number of abortions and by the number of deaths" (63). Individual lives just didn't matter. Because people were so unhappy, they did not support the government. To maintain its standing, the government had to make sure that everyone lived in fear. This would decrease the chance of rebellion. In one of his articles, Steven Morewood talks about Gorbachev, a Communist leader. "Gorbachev concedes 'The totalitarian model had relied on dictatorship and violence, and I can see that this was not acceptable to the people'" (33) Neglect of the individual was not Communism's only fault. Corruption among its leaders was also very common. In We the Livin...

Impact and association of vision impairment from diabetic retinopathy Thesis

Impact and association of vision impairment from diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients - Thesis Example Another cause of concern is the increase of the disease among younger age groups, ranging from ages 18 to 69 years, making it a possible leading cause of eye and vision loss at early ages (Teck, 2006). Diabetic retinopathy is one of the reliable tools to assess the status, rate of progress and complications developing in the patient with the disease. Therefore, it can be used for systematic evaluation and checkups to ascertain the efficacy of a certain treatment regarding management of diabetes (Chun et al, 2007). American researches claim diabetic retinopathy to be the leading cause of blindness among people younger than 65 years of age (Knobbe and Hadrill, 2011). Alongside, researches on Australian and American populations also suggest that diabetic retinopathy is associated with higher risks of mortality due to heart complications and stroke respectively (Wu, 2010, pp 263). Diabetes can lead to many types of eye complications, including glaucoma, or the increase in the intraocular pressure, which in turn may increase chances of developing diabetic retinopathy (Sugiura et al, 2011, pp 624 and 625). Again, the type of retinopathy affects the intraocular pressure.